![]() Why do people pay taxes? Journal of Public Economics, 48: 21–38. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. Communal and agentic content in social cognition: A dual perspective model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93: 751–763. Agency and communion from the perspective of self versus others. Collectively, our studies add empirical evidence to help nuance and ground long-standing academic debates and popular press claims about a topic with significant practical implications. Finally, in study 3, we find that the seemingly unconditional love for leaders is tempered by slowing respondents down, thus overriding a relatively fast and automatic preference for leaders relative to managers. In study 2, we confirm that leader activities are typically evaluated more positively than managerial activities, even in situations that are specifically designed to favor managerial skills. In study 1, we find both similarities and significant distinctions between the prototype of “leaders” who inspire, motivate, and guide, and managers who budget, hire, and supervise. Through three studies, we explore the discriminant validity, comparative value, and conditional relevance of leadership and management in decision-making contexts with theoretical and organizational implications. 2018.Popular writers have long advanced distinctions between leadership and management, with different authors highlighting either their love for leaders or for managers. When it comes to rain on a wedding day, it might feel ironic in the above sense to the wedding couple who have such joyful feelings and expect their occasion to reflect the fateful moment while feeling like typical chance or bad luck to a wedding guest who is interested in maintaining the joy of the occasion.ġ "Irony.". The rest gets weaker in terms of an expected fate and range towards an undesirable encounter such as a traffic jam when you're late. The plane crash after waiting his whole life is my second choice. The lyric that comes closest for me is "meeting the man of your dreams and then meeting his beautiful wife." Many people believe in the existence of a soul mate or some form of fate in finding their ideal mate. If luck is considered to be driven significantly by fate, an event associated with good luck encountering unexpected bad luck can be considered irony. The strength of the relationship between irony and bad luck lies in the interpretation of the word "result" and the belief one has about luck. "Incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the normal or expected result." If you're looking for a single word to encapsulate all of the examples Morisette uses, the best I can think of would be "unfortunate".Ī number of the verses in "Ironic" that are considered just bad luck can be considered irony in light of the MW definition: "A free ride when you've already paid" may be bad timing, but it's not evidence of a moral failing. "Rain on your wedding day" may be annoying, it may be disappointing, but there is no lesson to be learned there. The situations Morisette describes in Ironic are almost exclusively prosaic and inconsequential. ![]() Unfortunately, too many people simply stop at the "reversal of expectations" step, so that any situation that is unpleasant or frustrating is translated as irony. It is the rarity of true cases or irony in the real world that causes them to have such resonance.īy the original intention of the term, an ironic situation is a reversal of expectations that has been deliberately crafted to make a specific moral or political point. It's supposed to be a poetic device, not a practical observation. ![]() That's why it's so difficult to find actual, real-life examples of situational irony (as opposed to simple sarcasm) in action. It was no more intended to represent observable, real-world phenomena than similar terms like synecdoche or metonymy or anaphora. The Greeks coined the term Eironeia (literally "dissembling") to denote a rhetorical device that orators and dramatists could use to make a point. It is helpful to remember that irony is, first and foremost, a literary device.
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